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A flat foot (pes planus) is a foot in which the arch is lower than normal, or sometimes even absent altogether. In some adults this is the normal foot shape and it causes no problems. In others however, the foot can become painful, stiff and progressively more deformed. This may be due to a variety […]

“Bunion” is a term used to describe a swelling at the base of the great toe. In most cases bunions are not caused by growth of extra bone but by the first metatarsal bone drifting out of alignment so that it becomes abnormally prominent in the medial (inner) side of the foot. To compensate the

Although most bunions are caused by malalignment of the first metatarsal bone, they can also be caused by arthritis of the first metatarsophalangeal joint (hallux rigidus). This is a “wear and tear” process in which there is pain and swelling at the base of the great toe. Initially the pain may just be felt at

Arthritis of the ankle may be due to inflammatory conditions such as rheumatoid disease, but is more often due to osteoarthritis or “wear and tear”. This invariably leads to loss or damage of cartilage within the joint. Fractures or other injuries of the ankle often contribute to it, even though they may have occurred many